Research has discovered that a baby may cry if upset, be it silently, while in their mother’s womb. This crying behaviour will only occur during the later months of pregnancy.

By two months old, an infant is able to recognize both people’s faces and voices of his or her parents and close family they see regularly. They should smile at these familiar faces and turn their heads towards voices they recognize.

By four months, a baby should have developed the neck strength to hold his or her head unsupported, to stick his or her hands in the mouth, perhaps sucking on fingers, and to watch things move with his or her eyes.

Any of these signs indicate that your baby may be struggling to breathe. Keep in mind babies do breathe faster than adults and children, but breaths that occur at a rate of more than 60 per minute are concerning.

Sufficient follicle stimulating hormone action is also needed for proper sperm production.

Some women may experience allergic reactions to the rubber of the cervical cap or the spermicide they use. If this happens and your spermicide has nonoxynol-9, you may try a spermicide without this chemical.